Question 1: Which class of antibiotics targets bacterial DNA gyrase?
Fluoroquinolones target bacterial DNA gyrase, disrupting DNA replication.
Question 2: What feature allows Gram-negative bacteria to be more resistant to antibiotics?
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria acts as a barrier to many antibiotics, contributing to their resistance.
Question 3: What is the primary role of peptidoglycan in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan provides strength and rigidity to the bacterial cell wall, preventing lysis.
Question 4: What type of antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria can no longer bind to an antibiotic due to changes at the target site?
Target site modification involves changes in the antibiotic’s binding site, preventing effective binding.
Question 5: Which is NOT a form of horizontal gene transfer?
Binary fission is a form of vertical gene transfer where a single cell divides into two identical cells.
Question 6: What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane?
The bacterial cell membrane controls the movement of substances, maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Question 7: Which part of the bacterial cell is the target of beta-lactam antibiotics?
Beta-lactam antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, which is essential for bacterial cell wall integrity.
Question 8: Why do aminoglycosides not affect human ribosomes?
Aminoglycosides target bacterial ribosomes, which differ structurally from human ribosomes.
Question 9: Which mechanism allows plasmids to transfer antibiotic resistance genes?
Plasmids facilitate horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, enhancing bacterial adaptability.
Question 10: Which process allows bacteria to take up naked DNA from the environment?
Transformation is the process by which bacteria take up free DNA from their environment.
Question 11: Which bacterial structure aids in attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation?
Pili help bacteria attach to surfaces and contribute to biofilm formation.
Question 12: What is the purpose of the bacterial capsule?
The bacterial capsule protects the cell from being engulfed by phagocytic cells.
Question 13: What type of antibiotic is penicillin classified as?
Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, targeting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Question 14: Which class of antibiotics targets bacterial cell membrane synthesis?
Polymyxins disrupt bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.
Question 15: How do tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth?
Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome.