Question 1: What is the main role of the complement system in innate immunity?
The complement system facilitates pathogen elimination through opsonization and the formation of membrane attack complexes.
Question 2: Which of the following correctly describes the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in immunity?
TLRs are part of the innate immune system and detect general PAMPs, allowing immune cells to recognize common pathogenic features.
Question 3: Which type of immune barrier includes physical structures like the skin and mucous membranes?
Physical barriers are external structures such as skin and mucous membranes that block pathogen entry.
Question 4: Humoral immunity mainly involves which of the following components?
Humoral immunity is mediated by B-cells that produce antibodies to neutralize extracellular pathogens.
Question 5: What does the 'humoral' component of adaptive immunity refer to?
Humoral immunity refers to antibody production by B-cells, which targets pathogens circulating in bodily fluids.
Question 6: How do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogens?
PRRs recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) common to groups of pathogens, enabling a quick innate response.
Question 7: Which complement pathway is triggered by the binding of antibodies to antigens?
The classical complement pathway is initiated when antibodies bound to antigens activate complement proteins.
Question 8: Which of the following barriers is NOT part of the innate immune system?
B-cells are part of the adaptive immune system, while the other options serve as innate immune barriers.
Question 9: What is the purpose of phagocytosis in the immune response?
Phagocytosis is a process where cells like neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest pathogens.
Question 10: Which of the following cytokines is most associated with promoting an inflammatory response?
IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes inflammation and is often released in response to infections and tissue injury.
Question 11: How do cytokines primarily function within the immune system?
Cytokines are signaling proteins that help coordinate and regulate immune responses.
Question 12: Which type of cell is primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the innate immune response?
Neutrophils are primary phagocytic cells that quickly respond to infections in the innate immune system.
Question 13: Which cell type is known for releasing histamine during the inflammatory response?
Mast cells release histamine, which promotes vasodilation and attracts other immune cells to the infection site.
Question 14: What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells in the innate immune response?
Natural killer cells target and kill infected or abnormal cells, such as cancerous or virus-infected cells, without needing specific antigen recognition.
Question 15: What is the main role of the innate immune system in the body's defense?
The innate immune system provides a fast, non-specific response against pathogens to prevent initial spread.